Puralor CI

Vitamin D (as Cholecalciferol) – 1.25 mcg / 2.5 mcg

Cholecalciferol is a form of vitamin D, also called vitamin D3. Vitamin D receptors are widespread in brain tissue, and vitamin D’s biologically active form has shown neuroprotective effects. Associations have been noted between low vitamin D status and Alzheimer’s disease and dementia in both Europe and the US. Vitamin D deficiency is seen frequently among the elderly.

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Vitamin B2 (as Riboflavin 5-Phosphate) – 10 mg / 20 mg

Vitamin B2 is also known as riboflavin. It is essential in helping the body with the production of energy, healthy eyes, antibodies, thyroid function, lipid metabolism, proper tissue repair and regulating blood pressure through the production of aldosterone. It is also needed in order to convert B6 and folate into forms our body can use, as well as converting vitamin A and niacin to their active forms. Vitamin B2 has two coenzyme derivatives of Flavin mononucleotide (FMN), also known as riboflavin-5’-phosphate, and Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) which serve as cofactors for methionine synthase reductase (MTRR) and MTHFR. Riboflavin intake has been inversely associated with depression symptoms in females, although not in males, which may be important in treating women with fibromyalgia. Another study using flavin mononucleotide on mice, in 2023, demonstrated a benefit in treating inflammation-dependent cognitive decline. This was consistent with a 2-year study finding higher intakes of riboflavin improved cognitive function in middle-aged and elderly patients.

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Vitamin B6 (as Pyridoxine Hydrochloride & Pyridoxal 5-Phosphate) – 20 mg / 40 mg

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) is one of the key nutrients that supports the folate/methionine cycles which in turn supports cognition and mental health. Its bioactive form is pyridoxal 5’-phosphate (PLP, P5’P) which serves as a cofactor in many enzyme reactions, including the transsulfuration pathway, which is the pathway that eliminates homocysteine. P5’P also plays a vital role in the function of over 100 enzymes that catalyze essential chemical reactions in the human body.

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Folate (as Calcium L-Methyltetrahydrofolate & Folinic Acid) – 750 mcg DFE / 1500 mcg DFE

About 70% of food folate and cellular folate is comprised of L-methylfolate. It is the primary form of folate in circulation and is also the form transported across membranes – particularly across the blood brain barrier – into peripheral tissues. In the cell, L-methylfolate is used in the remethylation of homocysteine to methionine and tetrahydrofolate (THF). Elevated levels of homocysteine may induce oxidative stress, leading to blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction. L-methylfolate is converted into functional, metabolically active coenzyme forms for use in the body and supplies the active folate substrate, THF (tetrahydrofolate).

Folinic acid is a reduced folate that also supports purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis, which are the sources of energy that drive the body’s chemical reactions. Folinic acid plays an essential role in transformylation reactions and is also the immediate precursor of L-5-MTHF substrate for the B12-assisted methionine synthase which remethylates homocysteine to methionine. Folinic acid is a metabolically active folate and does not require reduction by dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). It has been used to counteract toxicity associated with certain dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors, such as methotrexate. Folinic acid is indicated for patients with certain genotypes of the DHFR enzyme (The DHFR genotype is associated with increased levels of unmetabolized folic acid and decreased red blood cell folate.) Studies of patients with cerebral folate deficiency have shown that oral folinic acid can bypass defective folate receptors and restore central nervous system folate levels, which have been associated with impaired cognitive function. Folinic acid is converted into functional, metabolically active coenzyme forms for use in the body, and supplies the active folate substrate, THF (tetrahydrofolate). Folinic acid, or leucovorin, is often used in cancer therapy.

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Vitamin B12 (as Adenosylcobalamin & Methylcobalamin) – 1000 mcg / 2000 mcg

Cobalamin is required for two important reactions: the conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA, a Krebs cycle (a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).) In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions) intermediate, and the conversion of homocysteine to methionine, a reaction in which the methyl group of methyltetrahydrofolate is donated to remethylate homocysteine.

Cobalamin deficiency, even in the absence of hematologic signs, may lead to impaired cognitive performance in adolescents. Decreased cobalamin status is strongly associated with cognitive dysfunction in the elderly. Many factors contribute to the cobalamin deficiency including diet, gastrointestinal pathology, autoimmune disease and medications. The active forms of vitamin B12 areadenosylcobalamin and methylcobalamin, which are the most highly reduced forms of vitamin B12, with greater bioavailability. However, cyanocobalamin is the most commonly used in supplements. This form is not found in nature. Only 2 metabolic functions have been identified for 5-adenosylcobalamin in humans. The first is the conversion of L-methylmalonyl-coa2succinyl-coa, a reaction catalyzed by methylmalonyl-CoA mutase and requiring 5-adenosylcobalamin. Defects in the conversion of L-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA result in methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) and methylmalonic acid urea. The second reaction in which vitamin B12 is a co-factor is the homocysteine 5-methyltetrahydrofolate methyl-transferase reaction. This reaction generates methionine from homocysteine using methionine synthase.

A 2016 study showed treatment of hyperhomocysteinemia in patients suffering from Alzheimer’s disease with l-methylfolate and methylcobalamin significantly slowed decline in memory and learning. Another study from 2019 found the following: “In this prospective study of a community population, lower folate concentrations predicted incident dementia and AD over a 2.4 year follow-up period…Over the follow-up period, dementia occurred more commonly in those with a relative decline in folate and vitamin B12 concentrations or a relative increase in homocysteine concentrations.”

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Zinc (as Zinc Bleglycinate Chelate) – 2.5 mg / 5 mg

Zinc is the second most common mineral in the body and is found in every cell. It is a necessary cofactor to over 300 enzymes which are needed for the metabolism of carbohydrates, fatty acids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Zinc helps with the metabolism of neurotransmitters, prostaglandins, and maintaining brain structure and function. The importance of zinc cannot be understated, and there can be several reasons for a deficiency. Here are a few things that lead to a zinc deficiency: inadequate intake, poor digestion/absorption, medications/drugs (specifically antacids, diuretics, steroids, antibiotics, hormone therapy, alcohol, and metal chelating agents), nutrients (copper, iron, calcium), diarrhea, celiac disease, Crohn’s disease, intestinal parasites, sickle cell disease, bariatric surgery, diabetes, chronic liver disease, chronic kidney disease, stress, diet (high sugar – zinc is part of the insulin molecule and gets used up quicker with high sugar intake, vegan – lower bioavailability of zinc due to the high intake of beans and grains which can interfere with zinc absorption.)

While this is interesting to note what we are really concerned about is what does it mean if we have a zinc deficiency. Zinc deficiency can have some incredible consequences on our bodies and may or may not include some of the following issues: developmental delays, poor immunity, poor wound healing, chronic infections, poor cognition, inattention, eczema, dermatitis, acne, infertility, poor muscle tone, white lines on nails, night blindness, hair loss, hypothyroidism, toxic metal accumulation, loss of taste, loss of smell, loss of appetite, food aversions, poor eye contact and vision dysfunction.

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Phosphatidylserine – 100 mg / 200 mg

Supplemental phosphatidylserine (PS) is often used to address concerns with memory, age-related mental decline, cognitive issues, and other mental health conditions. Cognitive improvements were seen in experiments with individuals taking PS supplements. The brain lipids from which PS was first isolated are called cephalins, substances found in nerve tissue and the brain and spinal cord. PS and its cousin phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) are the primary cephalin components of the inner cell membrane, supported on the opposite side (in the outer cell membrane) by phosphatidylcholine (PC). One key difference between PC and PS is its location in the structure of cell membrane, but they are both needed to make up the phospholipid bilayer.

Other properties and functions of PS:

• PS is the most abundant phospholipid in the human brain.
• PS is vital to the maintenance of the cell’s internal environment, where it also participates in signal transduction, cell-to-cell communication, and cell growth regulation.
• PS is important to blood coagulation, where it enhances the activation of prothrombin to thrombin, which is the key molecule in the clotting process.

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Phosphatidylcholine – 50 mg / 100 mg

Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is known to repair brain cells and neural connections, boost acetylcholine, and improve alertness, cognition, focus, memory, and mood. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is one of two fatty acids that make up the outer layer of the membrane covering each of the 70 trillion cells in your body. Phosphatidylcholine is also converted in your body through a process called hydrolysis to make up the fatty acids AA, oleic, linoleic, and DHA. These fatty acids contribute to the signaling within and between brain cells for long-term potentiation (LTP). LTP is behind the formation of long-term memories. The synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (Ach) is largely dependent on the choline provided by phosphatidylcholine. ACh is critical for cognition, learning and memory. Citicoline therapy improved verbal memory functioning in older individuals with relatively inefficient memories. When you don’t have enough phosphatidylcholine, brain cell membranes lose integrity and eventually die. Some phosphatidylcholine (PC) is naturally synthesized in your body. We also get PC from some of our food including beef, oysters, eggs, and some vegetables. As a supplement most phosphatidylcholine is derived from lecithin found in soybeans and sunflower seeds.

Phosphatidylcholine helps provide:

• Neuroprotection: Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is a major component of brain cell membranes. Neurons use some of the choline from PC to synthesize acetylcholine (ACh). Supplementing with PC restores the PC that is needed for brain cell membrane integrity, while providing neurons with the ACh needed for memory and learning.
• Neurotransmitters: Phosphatidylcholine increases concentrations of choline and acetylcholine in the brain which improves memory and cognition.
• Neurogenesis: Phosphatidylcholine helps restore damaged brain cells. Making them more fluid and permeable which allows the proper flow of chemical messengers and nutrients into and out of the cell. This improves the overall cell function and efficiency which results in better cognition, learning, memory, and mood. Dietary supplementation of citicoline for 12 weeks improved overall memory performance, especially episodic memory, in healthy older males and females with Age Associated Memory Impairment.

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N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine (NAC) – 25 mg / 50 mg

N-acetyl-l-cysteine amide is the amide form of acetylcysteine – an amino acid derivative that has been shown to cross the blood-brain barrier. Acetylcysteine is a precursor to the antioxidant glutathione – the most prevalent circulating antioxidant. Oxidative stress has been implicated in cognitive disorders, such as mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

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Saffron Bulb Extract – 15 mg / 30 mg

Saffron is a spice that is extracted from the crocus sativus plant and has been used as a food additive and colorant as well in cosmetics for years. Due to its strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties it has also been used as a natural remedy for diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, Alzheimer’s disease and several cancers. In recent years saffron has been shown in studies to improve moods compared with placebo and in treating mild to moderate depression with a response equal to Prozac (fluoxetine).

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NADH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) – 10 mg / 20 mg

NADH is the reduced form of vitamin B3 metabolites which plays a part in the methionine cycle. Deficiency of this vitamin can cause skin lesions, anemia, diarrhea, headaches, insomnia, forgetfulness, irritability, and nervousness. Pellegra is the result of a B3 deficiency and is associated with psychiatric symptoms as well. NADH is found within all human cells. The more NADH the cell has, the more ATP energy the cell produces. ATP energy enables the brain cells to provide thinking, memory, concentration, decision making, mental clarity, etc. It also stimulates the immune system, and enhances the production of dopamine, adrenaline, and serotonin. NADH also repairs our DNA, is restorative and anti-inflammatory, it effects our circadian rhythm (improves sleep), acts as a neurotransmitter- improving our brain health closely connected to levels of stress and depression. You can increase your levels of NADH naturally, through fasting, sleep and physical exercise but those measures rarely increase our NAD levels to a high enough level. (Interestingly, at age 50, we have 40% less NAD+ than at age 20. By age 80, NAD+ levels drop as much as 98%.) If the brain cell’s NADH levels are depleted, the brain will no longer function properly. The following are some of the issues that can take place if you are low on NAD:

• Tremors
• Depression
• Arterial Stiffness
• Circadian Rhythm Imbalance
• Pro-youth Genes Turned Off
• Restless Leg Syndrome
• Cellular breakdown
• Sarcopenia
• Death

NADH is found in every living cell from plants or animals, and we get it through our diet. NADH is an integral part of the Krebs Cycle and the antioxidant cycle. It supplies a molecule of oxidized glutathione to form the most important antioxidant of the cell, reduced glutathione.

NADH is the only substance which has been shown to increase cellular energy and can be used to treat the following conditions:

• Chronic fatigue syndrome
• Fibromyalgia
• Parkinson’s disease
• Alzheimer’s disease
• Depression
• Jet lag
• Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

NADH can also provide benefits for healthy individuals, such as:

• Increased energy
• Improved reaction times
• Improved alertness
• Improved immunity levels
• Weight loss

Side effects from NADH supplements are uncommon if taken in moderation. However, if used in excess, NADH can cause jitteriness, anxiety, and insomnia.